The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 in the context of utilitarian and retributive theories on punishment Introduction The WritePass Journal

The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 in the context of utilitarian and retributive theories on punishment Introduction Introduction The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 in the context of utilitarian and retributive theories on punishment Introduction was passed by the UK Parliament in order to introduce measures conducive to the reform of the criminal justice system. Amongst the most important measures introduced by the Act, it is possible to mention the greater amount of discretion given to the court system in order to grant conditional discharges to youths entering a guilty plea for first offences as well as the tougher conditionalities imposed through the expansion of the youth rehabilitation order system (Sprack, 2012: 9). In addition, the legislation expands the provisions made for the punishment of hate crimes and makes ‘squatting’ a criminal offence. Furthermore, it severely curtails the scope under which legal aid may be granted. In this essay I will concentrate on analysing the legal provisions of LAPSO from the standpoint of the retributive and utilitarian theories of punishment. Summary and background Section 142 of LAPSO creates new offences to cover those who have a bladed or pointed article or offensive weapon with them in a public place or school premises and go on to threaten a person with it in such a way as to cause immediate risk of serious physical harm to that person. The Government’s aim in creating the new offences was set out by Ministers during the passage of the legislation through Parliament: Knives on our streets are a social scourge. That is why the unlawful possession of a bladed or pointed article or offensive weapon is already a serious criminal offence carrying a maximum custodial sentence of four years. Clause 1131 goes further than those possession offences. Our aim, through the clause, is to send a clear message to those in possession of a bladed or pointed article or offensive weapon, that if they then go on to threaten and cause an immediate risk of serious physical harm to another person they can expect an automatic custodial sentence (Hansard 13 October 2011: Column 803). The new offences are designed to strengthen the existing legislative framework by targeting behaviour that amounts to more than simple possession, but does not go so far as resulting in the injury of the victim (for which other existing offences would apply). The offences under this section will apply in England and Wales; be triable either way, and subject to a maximum penalty of 4 years’ imprisonment on indictment (or, where the offender is under 18, a 24 month Detention and Training Order (by virtue of the Sentencing Act 2000, s101(1)). Key to meeting the aim of the provisions is that the courts are required to impose a minimum custodial sentence of 6 months for adults or a detention and training order of at least 4 months’ duration for 16 and 17 year olds (unless there are particular circumstances relating to the offence or offender which would make it unjust to do so in all the circumstances). Section 143 of LAPSO creates a new offence of causing serious injury by dangerous driving, punishable by up to five years imprisonment. Dangerous driving is currently an offence under section 2 of the Road Traffic Act 1988 (The â€Å"RTA 1988†) and attracts a maximum penalty of two years’ imprisonment. In addition, causing death by dangerous driving under section 1 of the RTA 1988 attracts a maximum penalty of 14 years’ imprisonment. There has long been pressure for change in road traffic law to close a perceived ‘gap’ in sentences between the current two year maximum for dangerous driving and the 14 year maximum for causing death by dangerous driving. The new offence responds to road safety campaign groups, victims and their representatives who have called for increased sentences to be made available for those who cause serious injury by driving dangerously. Parliament responded to need to protect the public by instituting the new offence of causing serious injury by dangerous driving targets, extending sentencing powers at the most serious end of the spectrum of dangerous driving incidents. That will be reflected in the higher maximum penalty of five years’ imprisonment. The new offence will be committed when a person drives a mechanically propelled vehicle dangerously on a road or other public place causing serious injury to another person. In England and Wales, the test for ‘serious injury’ will be the same as for ‘grievous bodily harm’. For the purposes of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, grievous bodily harm (GBH) has been given the accepted definition of ‘really serious harm’. The offence will apply to Scotland as to England and Wales. However, as Scottish law does not contain the same definition of GBH, the test for serious injury will be the same as that applied by Scottish courts to â€Å"severe injury’ as that applied to â€Å"severe injury† in agg ravated assault cases. The tests proposed will ensure that there is parity as to the severity of harm required in order for the offence to be made out (LAPSO, 2012, Section143). The new offence will be triable either way and subject to a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment, or a fine, or both. The maximum penalty on summary conviction in England and Wales will be six months’ imprisonment or a  £5,000 fine, or both. In Scotland (due to the different allocation of business between the summary and solemn courts) the maximum penalty on summary conviction will be 12 months’ imprisonment or a  £10,000 fine, or both. In both jurisdictions, the maximum sentence on conviction on indictment will be five years’ imprisonment or an unlimited fine, or both (LAPSO, 2012, Section 143). The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 and the concepts of retributive and utilitarian punishment The concept of retributive justice is based on the assumption that stipulating a proportionate amount of punishment serves as an efficient way to deal with the spread of crime. It is assumed that when an individual offends, s/he is giving up his/her right to enjoy equal treatment (Moore, 1997: 59). Consequently, a retributive punishment is enforced in order to take away the right to equal treatment from the offender. This punishment theory is differentiated from notions of vigilante or revenge justice, since the imposition of punishment is dependent on the performance of a wrongdoing on the part of the individual, in accordance with established procedural norms (Nozick, 1981: 366). It is plain to see that the provisions of LAPSO in regards to dangerous driving and the carrying of the possession of offensive weapons have a retributive aspect in mind. The retributive notion of punishment would look at the provisions of this legislation as an instrument to rectify the advantage unfairly obtained by the perpetrator when s/he committed the crime (Whitehead and Lab, 1998: 321). It could be argued that there is a notion of responsibility which has been significantly eroded in modern society, which makes it easier for drivers to be reckless when driving and for criminals to be more audacious about carrying offensive weapons. In this context, the provisions of LAPSO are geared towards recalibrating the balance between wrongdoing and desert when ascertaining the right type of punishment. It is important to add that the retributive perspective sees punishment as a social good which redresses the economic and social effects that crime has on individuals.   From this perspective, it could be posited that retributive punishment reduces the scope for vigilante justice as society is likely to be more satisfied with the end of result of the criminal justice process; geared towards punishing those who break the norms and legislation validated by the social contract (Moore, 199 7: 55).   The sentencing philosophy which seems to guide this piece of legislation is geared towards ensuring that punishment is, at the very least, partially scaled in order to redress the infringement of rights suffered by the victims. It could be postulated that the promulgation of this provisions by Parliament adhere to the principle of retributive punishment by scaling the notion of justice to the need to ensure that the transgressor is punished in equal proportion to those who suffered from the wrongdoing (Kant in Ezorsky (ed.), 1972: 103). Utilitarianism takes a close look at the consequences generated by the actions of the offender and how these impact on a particular social group (Corlett, 2008: 19). Questions of rightness are wrongness are evaluated by utilitarianists according to a putative point of equilibrium between good and bad that arises from particulars actions undertaken by individuals.   In the context of punishment theory, this principle applies when considering whether a particular sentence would produce the greatest level of happiness for society at large.   This is of particular relevance to the punishment meted out against offenders found guilty of the crimes specified in Section 142 and 143 of LAPSO. The rationale behind the introduction of this legislation adheres to some of the parameters delineated by the utilitarianist theory of punishment. In essence, the drafters of the legislation prioritised the need to protect the population from reckless drivers and weapon-carrying criminals, which could have potentially detrimental consequences for the social order (Smith, 2008: 32).   Although the utilitarianist principle tends to look at the notion of punishment as inherently evil, inasmuch as it causes suffering for the individual who committed the offence, the retribution imposed by the legislation has to be examined within the context of the social good that derives from preventing the practice of dangerous driving and the carrying of offensive weapons (Bentham, 1948: 129). The sentencing rationale behind the legislation purports to look at the issue of crime from the standpoint of preventing potential offenders from inflicting harm upon society. By doing so, the Act ensures the happiness of the greatest number and a general reduction of harm (Smith, 2008: 30). There have been attempts to establish a middle ground between both concepts of punishment. It has been postulated that punishment should only be carried out when the implications of doing so does not produce a negative outcome (Hart in Hart (ed.), 1968: 25). Whilst this view makes provisions for question of desert and justice, as it is not intrinsically opposed to the idea of punishing crimes, it also allows room for the examination of the potential consequences of punishment. This has important societal connotations, since communities are increasingly demanding a larger amount of protection from the evils of crime (Garland, 2001: 48). It would appear that this notion provides a useful framework of reference in the evaluation of the provisions attached to the Act. Whilst adopting a distinct utilitarianist approach, the Act seems to be worded in a manner which denotes a close examination of the potential consequences of being too profligate with the amount of punishment stipulated for the offences that it deals with (Hallsworth and Lea, 2011: 157). Conclusion In conclusion, it could be argued that the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 includes a measured dosage of retributive and utilitarianist notions of punishment to its sentencing philosophy. To being with, the Act scales the concept of punishment to the need to ascertain that the offender received an amount of punishment which is proportionate to the suffering caused to the victim of the crime (Kant in Ezorsky (ed.), 1972: 104). At the same time, the provisions included in the legislation also seem to have a utilitarianist perspective, inasmuch as it attempts to induce ‘the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people’ by ensuring that the Act reduces the spectrum of harm caused by offenders. The wording included in the legislation suggests that the drafters examined the potential consequences of the Act by making reference to the need to protect society from harm (Garland, 2001: 57). Nevertheless, it could be concluded that the stipulations included in the legislation are framed for the purposes of ensuring that the sentencing philosophy which underpins it is not conducive to generating unintended negative consequences for the wider societal spectrum. Bibliography Bentham, M., ‘Squatting to become a criminal offence’, Evening Standard (London), 1/5/2012 Bentham, J. (1948) The Principles of Morals and Legislation, Hafner Publishing Company, New York, NY Bowcott, O., Cost of youth crime rises to  £1.2bn a year, The Guardian, 1/12/2010 Corlett, J. (2008) Responsibility and Punishment, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY Criminal Justice Act 1988 www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/33/contents Davis, M. (1992) To Make the Punishment Fit the Crime, Westview Press, Boulder, CO Garland, D. (2001) The Culture of Control: crime and social order in contemporary society, Oxford University Press, Oxford Hallsworth, S. and Lea, J. (2011) Reconstructing Leviathan: Emerging contours of the security state, Theoretical Criminology, Volume 15, Number 2, May 2011, pp. 141-157 Hansard, 13/10/2011: Column 803 Hart, H. (1968) Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment in Hart H. (ed.) Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law, Oxford University Press, New York, NY Hitchens, P. (2003) A Brief History of Crime, Atlantic Books, London Hudson, B. (2003) Understanding Justice: an introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory, Open University Press, Buckingham Kant, I. (1972) Justice and Punishment in Ezorsky, G. (ed.) Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment State University of New York Press, Albany, NY Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO), HMSO, London Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 -Explanatory notes www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/10/notes/contents Moore, M. (1997) Placing Blame- A General Theory of the Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford Nozick, R. (1981)  Philosophical Explanations, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA Prevention of Crime Act 1953 www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/1-2/14/contents Road Traffic Act 1988 www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/52/contents Smith, P. (2008) Punishment and culture, Chicago University of Press, Chicago, IL Sprack, J. (2012) A Practical Approach to Criminal Procedure, Fourteenth Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford Wacquant, L. (2009) Punishing the Poor: the neoliberal government of social insecurity, Durham, NC Whitehead, J. and Lab, S. (1998) Juvenile Justice: An Introduction, Anderson Publishing Co., Cincinnati, OH

Pride and Prejudice Summary

'Pride and Prejudice' Summary Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice follows Elizabeth Bennet, a spirited and clever young woman, as she and her sisters navigate romantic and social entanglements within 19th-century Englands country gentry. Chapters 1-12 The novel opens with Mrs. Bennet informing her husband that the nearby great house, Netherfield Park, has a new tenant: Mr. Bingley, a wealthy and unmarried young man. Mrs. Bennet is convinced that Mr. Bingley will fall in love with one of her daughters- preferably Jane, the eldest and by all accounts the kindest and most beautiful. Mr. Bennet reveals that he has already paid his respects to Mr. Bingley and that they all shall meet soon. At a neighborhood ball, Mr. Bingley makes his first appearance, along with his two sisters- the married Mrs. Hurst and the unmarried Caroline- and his best friend, Mr. Darcy. While Darcy’s wealth makes him the subject of much gossip at the gathering, his brusque, arrogant manner quickly sours the whole company on him. Mr. Bingley shares a mutual and immediate attraction with Jane. Mr. Darcy, on the other hand, is not so impressed. He dismisses Janes younger sister Elizabeth as not pretty enough for him, which Elizabeth overhears. Although she laughs about it with her friend Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeth is wounded by the comment. Mr. Bingleys sisters invite Jane to visit them at Netherfield. Thanks to the machinations of Mrs. Bennet, Jane gets stuck there after journeying through a rainstorm and becomes ill. The Bingleys insist upon her staying until she is well, so Elizabeth goes to Netherfield to tend to Jane. During their stay, Mr. Darcy begins to develop a romantic interest in Elizabeth (much to his own annoyance), but Caroline Bingley is interested in Darcy for herself. Caroline is particularly irritated that the object of Darcys interest is Elizabeth, who doesn’t have equal wealth or social status. Caroline endeavors to eliminate Darcys interest in Elizabeth by speaking negatively about her. By the time the girls return home, Elizabeth’s dislike for both Caroline and Darcy has only grown. Chapters 13-36 Mr. Collins, an obsequious pastor and distant relative, comes to visit the Bennets. Despite not being a close relation, Mr. Collins is the designated heir of the Bennets estate, as the Bennets have no sons. Mr. Collins informs the Bennets that he hopes to â€Å"make amends† by marrying one of the daughters. Nudged by Mrs. Bennet, who is certain that Jane will soon be engaged, he sets his sights on Elizabeth. Elizabeth, however, has other ideas: namely George Wickham, a dashing militiaman who claims that Mr. Darcy cheated him out of a parsonage he had been promised by Darcy’s father. Although Elizabeth dances with Darcy at the Netherfield ball, her loathing is unchanged. Meanwhile, Mr. Darcy and Caroline Bingley convince Mr. Bingley that Jane does not return his affections and encourage him to leave for London. Mr. Collins proposes to a horrified Elizabeth, who rejects him. On the rebound, Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeths friend Charlotte. Charlotte, who is worried about getting older and becoming a burden on her parents, accepts the proposal. The following spring, Elizabeth goes to visit the Collinses at Charlotte’s request. Mr. Collins brags about the patronage of the nearby great lady, Lady Catherine de Bourgh- who also happens to be Mr. Darcy’s aunt. Lady Catherine invites their group to her estate, Rosings, for dinner, where Elizabeth is shocked to find Mr. Darcy and his cousin, Colonel Fitzwilliam. Elizabeth’s unwillingness to answer Lady Catherine’s prying questions does not make a good impression, but Elizabeth learns two important pieces of imformation: Lady Catherine intends to make a match between her sickly daughter Anne and her nephew Darcy, and Darcy has mentioned saving a friend from an ill-advised match- that is, Bingley and Jane. Much to Elizabeths shock and fury, Darcy proposes to her. During the proposal, he cites all the obstacles- namely, Elizabeths inferior status and family- that his love has overcome. Elizabeth refuses him and accuses him of ruining both Jane’s happiness and Wickham’s livelihood. The following day, Darcy gives Elizabeth a letter containing his side of the story. The letter explains that he genuinely believed Jane to be less in love with Bingley than he was with her (though her family and status did play a role, he admits apologetically). More importantly, Darcy reveals the truth of his family’s history with Wickham. Wickham was a favorite of Darcy’s father, who left him a â€Å"living† (a church posting on an estate) in his will. Instead of accepting the inheritance, Wickham insisted that Darcy pay him the value in money, spent it all, came back for more, and, when Darcy refused, tried to seduce Georgiana, Darcy’s teenage sister. These discoveries shake Elizabeth, and she realizes that her prized powers of observation and judgment did not prove correct. Chapters 37-61 Months later, Elizabeth’s aunt and uncle, the Gardiners, offer to bring her along on a trip. They end up touring Pemberley, Mr. Darcys home, but are assured that he is away from home by the housekeeper, who has nothing but praise for him. Darcy makes an appearance, and despite the awkwardness of the encounter, he is kind to Elizabeth and the Gardiners. He invites Elizabeth to meet his sister, who is excited to meet her. Their pleasant encounters are short-lived, as Elizabeth receives news that her sister Lydia has eloped with Mr. Wickham. She hurries home, and Mr. Gardiner tries to assist Mr. Bennet in tracking the couple down. News soon arrives that they have been found and are to be married. Everyone assumes that Mr. Gardiner paid Wickham off to marry Lydia instead of abandoning her. When Lydia returns home, however, she lets slip that Mr. Darcy was at the wedding. Mrs. Gardiner later writes to Elizabeth and reveals that it was Mr. Darcy who paid off Wickham and made the match. Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy return to Netherfield and pay a call on the Bennets. At first, they are awkward and leave quickly, but then return almost immediately, and Bingley proposes to Jane. The Bennets receive another unexpected visitor in the middle of the night: Lady Catherine, who has heard a rumor that Elizabeth is engaged to Darcy and demands to hear that it is not true and never will be true. Insulted, Elizabeth refuses to acquiesce, and Lady Catherine leaves in a huff. Rather than stopping the match, Lady Catherine’s escapade has the opposite effect. Darcy takes Elizabeths refusal to acquiesce as a sign that she might have changed her mind about his proposal. He proposes again, and this time Elizabeth accepts as they discuss the mistakes that finally got them to this point. Mr. Darcy asks Mr. Bennet’s permission for the marriage, and Mr. Bennet gives it willingly once Elizabeth reveals to him the truth of Darcy’s involvement with Lydia’s marriage and of her own changed feelings for him.

Personal Statement for residency programs post medical school Essay

Personal Statement for residency programs post medical school - Essay Example Here, I found my pre-medical courses much more challenging than any of the other studies I had previously done. I enjoyed the challenge and found great interest in the seemingly infinite amount of knowledge to be gained. With a growing interest in medicine, I then decided to shadow a number of surgeons. At first, I was fascinated to see the procedures in preparing for surgery. I was impressed with the structure in the operating room. Every detail was handled with absolute precision, ensuring the safety of the patient. I also found that patient care could be heart-warming and was able to envision the type of physician I could become. My next and most profound experience with medicine happened in 2002 during a volunteer medical mission trip to Ecuador. During the time I was there, we offered free medical examinations primarily to children. Some people came in with no complaints, leaving with vitamins and a greater sense of well-being. Others with more serious complications were appropriately sent to the primary hospital in north Quito. Everyone was treated with the utmost respect. They, in return, offered absolute graciousness, which made the trip all worthwhile. All of the volunteers were delighted to be of assistance.

International Business Enviroment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Enviroment - Essay Example It intends to make its investments in Kenya, with intent to providing cloud computing services. The essence of this work and report is to evaluate and to critically analyze how viable this idea is. It will do this by discussing a few factors such as the institution systems in Kenya, exchange regime that governs the country and the political risks involved, and how they may affect the success or failure of the iomart venture. The report shall then be submitted to the CEO of iomart Group of Companies, with a conclusion on whether the idea is viable or not, and furnished with a few recommendations. Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 National Institutions Systems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Exchange Rate Regime†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 Political Risks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Conclusion and Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 International Business Environment Introduction . ... The iomart Group is keen to expand and one of its objectives is to be a globally recognized brand. The last expansion phase saw it expand to Asia and now the focus has shifted to Africa. The iomart Group is highly profitable and as a result has been able to take advantage of business opportunities around the globe through comprehensive market researches (iomart, 2013). Kenya is considered to be East Africa’s fastest growing economy, and is endowed with many resources. In the recent past, the country has witnessed many drastic changes and growth in terms of leadership, growth of industries, expansion of investments and growth in the national Gross Domestic Product (Nzwili, 2012; Nyong’o, 2007). The iomart branch, if established, is intended to be a major provider of cloud computing services to the already established and the growing businesses in Kenya (iomart, 2013). This report will serve to examine the exchange regimes that govern Kenya, determine and compare the two countries’ national institution systems and finally look at the political risks in Kenya. A conclusion shall be drawn and recommendations given. National Institution Systems It is important to know the institutions that govern businesses in a country and how different they are from what one is used to (Cullen and Parboteeah, 2009). The IT firm to be established, just like the iomart in U.K will deal with handling personal data, and hence this will be the main issue since Kenya and UK have different policies regarding how personal information is treated. The main body that regulates the operations of the IT industry in Kenya is the Communication Commission of Kenya and the National Communications Secretariat. These two regulatory bodies are

According to Paul Cezanne Essay Example for Free

According to Paul Cezanne Essay Paul Cezanne’s paintings are regarded today as being of considerable importance to the development of modern art. Cezannes use of colour as tone and his heavy interest in the formal elements of composition paved the way for artists following on from him to question what they were perceiving and their ability to visually represent what they saw through painting. This essay will be examining the influence that Paul Cezanne had on Cubism and how this elevated the picture into an autonomous object rather than a mere representation of nature. The French Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cezanne, although heavily ignored by the mainstream art sphere centered within Paris, had a considerable impact on Cubism as he laid out the fundamental ideas from which the cubists would create their works. One of the main key points that was central to the cubists was faceting, this reduction of form within the external world and transforming them to geometrical facets, ‘Nature should be treated as cylinders, spheres and cones.’. See more: Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essay Cezanne’s manner of depicting reality with inaccuracy and multiple viewpoints divorced itself from the laws of perceptive construction and allowed him to interpret what he saw in a subjective way, he wasn’t interested in merely imitating what he saw onto the canvas but rather to re-think the conventions which restrict traditional painting. A clear departure from traditional painting as a representational phenomenon has taken place, it’s no longer mimetic of nature or reality but rather holds its own reality within itself and painting and art in general is made autonomous through Cezanne’s unique approach. Where other painters saw transient effects of light Cezanne had the ability to perceive geometric structures and thus from his search for underlying structure of composition came Cubism and then Abstraction. In the impressionist movement, and other predecessors to cubism and post-impressionism, artists weren’t concerned in dealing with matters of inner meaning within their paintings, they were simply responding to what they saw which in turn gave little for the viewer to think about. It is here that we see Cezanne’s more conceptual manner of depicting reality by breaking things into obscure shapes and abstracted form, he projects his inner emotion and consciousness onto the canvas to represent a state of mind, ‘The painter’s idea cannot be conceived apart from the means he uses, for it is meaningful only so far as it is embodied in those means, and the deeper his idea the more complete they must be. I am unable to distinguish between my feelings for life and my way of transposing it. A painting must carry all its meanings within itself, and impose it on the viewer before he identifies the subject matter.’. This parallel of representing nature and self by use of facets and high-keyed colour (colour as a subjective device) is something that’s echoed throughout the works of the cubists, specifically the initial stages of this movement. It seems from this point onwards the painting has become a picture object, it’s removed from the shallow confines of our perception and begins to contribute to reality by adding other aspects and elements, ‘ He was, in fact, the first Post-Impressionist to make, as did the Pointillists and eventually the cubists, as structural analysis of nature, producing an art of the mind concerned with emotional apprehension of formal qualities in mountains, women or onions and totally unconcerned with the evanescent effects of light, shade and atmosphere.’ . This manner of painting had seeped into the consciousness of Pablo Picasso and George Braque, although they had obviously added their own elements to form their own individual styles Ceza nne had laid out the basis from which the cubists could build upon. Although Cubism can be categorised into three key phases: Analytical, Hermetic and Synthetic, it is all somewhat representational of reality. Pushed and stretched to its very limits reality has been distorted and forms are no longer instantly apparent, the viewer must project apart of themselves in order to make sense of what is happening within the painting. From the painters view the cubists applied an aspect of analysis in their paintings by which forms became increasingly fragmented, this way of depicting objects, landscapes and people was similar to Cezanne’s work in the way he represented nature. He was looking beyond the mere surface and impressions which met his gaze and focussed on the inner structures that made up things around him, this of course implies careful consideration and a process of analysis. This is something which resonated with Picasso’s work and contributed to his painting Demoiselles d’ Avingon 1908, ‘He took his cue in this partly from Cezanne’s efforts to fashion a way of painting that would lay bare – or at least open up for exploration by the viewer – the complex process of pictorial representation’. Upon looking at the works of Picasso’s Demoiselles d’ Avingon 1908 and even George Braque’s Houses at L’Estaque 1908, we can indicate a clear influence that is derived from Cezanne’s style of this alignment of nature and the artist. In Braque’s painting we note a visible colour palette which has been simplified and the use of structure that has been used in order to re-create nature, all of which is comparable to Cezanne’s painting Mont Sainte-Victoire 1902-04. However, Braque has accentuated certain elements resulting in a more systematic , clean and simplified style, ‘Yet unlike Cezanne, Braque pushes the juxtaposition of different perspectives to the point of contradiction, and underscores it with a quite arbitrary distribution of light and shade; rooflines fail to meet walls, spaces and solids are elided, buildings are stacked up against one another like playing cards, and in the absence of a horizon the landscape is compress ed into the space of a low relief.’. (FOOTNOTE: Movements in Modern Art Cubism, David Cottington, pg. 22)We notice a clear direction towards further abstraction in terms of form and colour and as cubism progresses these abstractions are further emphasised until reality is barely visible and only signals and indications of things are implied to the viewer. In addition, Picasso’s painting held similar elements of Cezanne’s style and although his painting Demoiselles d’ Avingnon is regarded as more of a proto-cubist artwork in a way it planted the seeds of his style which would later blossom and carry the cubist movement. He is still referencing Cezanne in terms of geometric shapes, limited colours, the fusions between negative and positive shapes and also the arbitrary use of light as he sees fit. Moving away from Demoiselles d’ Avingnon and focussing on Cottage and Trees (La Rue-des-Bois) 1908, again we see a direct correlation in terms of style to Cezanne’s and even Braque’s painting Houses at L’Estaque, in terms of subject matter it’s quite similar; fragmented shapes are used to signify a landscape with houses and contorted trees, however this use of shapes is further abstracted from that of Cezanne’s and Braque’s and again we see the use of colour being completely redundant in terms of imitating the world. The painting has become a complex of invented forms, singular viewpoints, accurate proportions and visual representation are no longer necessary, ‘Picasso independently emphasises each elemnt – volume, line, plane, light and shade – even at the expense of compositional unity. The effect is to maximise the dynamic effect of the painting.’. The emancipation of pictorial elements of line and colour elevated the painting to the picture object, as these elements no longer needed to be used objectively to depict the reality in which we are all submitted to, rather the artists can form the basis of a painting from reality and meet it halfway through his use of representing the internal reality which he is mentally experiencing. Cezanne used a process of analysis and reflection in creating his work which then influenced the cubists to constitute their own individual reality and project it onto the canvas. The result being fragmented geometric shapes which accentuate certain elements of figures, subjective and limited use of colour and an overall less naturalistic representation of what is directly being observed, this in turn helped painters like the cubists to re think what they were painting and also to think of what painting in general could be.

Economic Geography of Industry Location in India :: India Economics Industries Essays

Economic Geography of Industry Location in India ____________________________________ Paper prepared for the UNU/WIDER Project Conference on Spatial Inequality in Asia 3 Economic Geography of Industry Location in India Where do different industries locate? What factors influence the spatial distribution of economic activity within countries? Finding answers to these questions is important for understanding the development potential of sub national regions. This is particularly important for developing countries as they have relatively lower levels of overall investment and economic activity is concentrated in one or a few growth centers. Thus, regions that do not attract dynamic industries are not only characterized by low productivity, but also by lower relative incomes and standards of living. These questions on industry location and their implications are not new. Examining the locational aspects of economic activity has long been of interest to geographers, planners, and regional scientists (Weber, 1909; Là ¶sch, 1940; Hotelling, 1929; Greenhut and Greenhut, 1975, Isard 1956). However, analytic difficulties in modeling increasing returns to scale marginalized the analysis of geographic aspects in mainstream economic analysis (Krugman 1991). Recent research on externalities, increasing returns to scale, and imperfect spatial competition (Dixit and Stiglitz 1977; Fujita, et al. 1999; Krugman 1991) has led to renewed interest in analyzing the spatial organization of economic activity. This is especially true in case of geographic concentration or clustering. Models in the ‘New Economic Geography’ literature (see review in Fujita, Krugman, and Venables, 1999) allow us to move from the question ‘Where will manufacturing concentrate (if it does)?’ to the question ‘What manufacturing will concentrate where?’ These insightful theoretical models provide, for the most part, renewed analytical support for the â€Å"cumulative causation† arguments made in earlier decades on the core-periphery relationship, on agglomeration economies, and on industrial clustering. In this context, we are interested in finding empirical answers to these (very old) questions, and to go beyond, to ask, â€Å"What manufacturing will locate where and why†? Industry location and concentration decisions are driven by two fundamental considerations: a set of â€Å"pure† location or â€Å"economic geography† criteria, including well recognized elements such as urbanization and localization economies, market access, infrastructure availability, etc. The other is a set of â€Å"practical† or â€Å"political economy† criteria, where the state is a key player in industrial ownership and production, and uses location considerations that are different from the private sector. The private sector responds to the very strong influence of state regulations, and the result is an industrial geography that is shaped by factors of economic geography and political economy. To understand the process of industrial location and concentration, it is important to first analyze the location decisions of firms in particular industries.

Promote Active Support Essay

The hotel model is staff doing things for the service users and then become observers in their own lives. This is where things are done without any actual consent from the individual and planned more around the convenience of the staff one example being if a staff member makes a service user wait for medication to ease pain or discomfort but make them wait until it is medication time. This is a form of institutional abuse as the hotel model revolves around everything being done for the service user resulting them in losing their day to day skills and the ability to help care for themselves. Active support includes involving the service users into supporting staff to plan fr the care that they require on a day to day basis meaning that they are involved in decisions being made about them. Person-centred care is the key to active support as each individual is thought of in a holistic way regardless of their past, holistic needs, physical needs and their families are always considered. This means that service users are encouraged to become involved within activities that take place both within and outside of the home that promote and maintain their independence. In the best interest of the service users staff should provide a non-institutional setting to ensure that the home complies with the Essential Standards of Quality and Safety against what it will be judged on and inspected by when CQC (Care Quality Commission). CQC will consider whether a home is institutional in nature. 1.2 To effectively promote an individual’s independence, members of staff should both encourage and support all service users to take part in as many social and cultural activities as well as joining in with community activities. Independence can promote a service users self determination, the respect they have and receive as well as equal opportunities. This includes individuals who may be living with one or more long term conditions but have the right to decide what support they feel that they require and from whom. It is simple to promote an individual’s independence y making environments easy to maintain and comfortable to be in. Communication boards showing information that can be understood by service users using pictures and bright colors. This can help to promote quality of life as they can begin to enjoy life in a easy manner within a happy environment. Simple decision making like choosing what to wear, what activity they would like to do or what they would like to eat promotes independence. If each member of staff develop a clear understanding about each service user by spending time with them and getting to know them by knowing what their needs are, their like and dislikes, how they are able to communicate etc will promote this effectively.

Japanese Culture Essay

social forces which influence the society and its values. Every culture has its own unique qualities not found in other cultures. Japan is no exception. It is culture is centered on the core values and traditions. They lead Japanese people to have different ways of looking at the world largely from differences in language and religion. Japanese culture determines specific way of living and social relations, cultural and religious views. History, Culture and Lifestyle Japanese history rises mistily out of the period known to archeologists as the Tomb or Tumulus period. During this important period Japan was unified under the imperial court of Yamato and became intimately involved with South Korea, pathway for many cultural elements of continental origin into Japan. Writing was one such element. Japan began to have historico-legendary records of its own and gradually moved from its protohistoric to the historic period. The main historical period were â€Å"Asoka period (522-710), Nara Period (710-784), Early Heian (784-897), Middle and Late Heian (897-1185), Kamacura period (1185-1336), Murimachi Period (1336-1393), Memoyama period (1573-1614), Edo Period (1615-1867), Meiji Restoration (1867-1911)† (Martines, 1998). During all historical period, Japanese lifestyle was influenced by political, economic and social changes, new perception of the world and religion. Japanese culture is based on unique traditions and values influenced by religion and life style. The Japanese learned to view the world from the perspective of traditional versus modern values after the Meiji Restoration in 1868 following the opening of Japan’s doors to the world. This attitudinal structure started to fall apart in 1978, and its disintegration became definite by 1988. For example, the â€Å"conquering† nature was an important value during the era of Japan’s modernization process, but it has since been replaced by the â€Å"following† nature. In the middle of the XX century, the traditional perspective of catching up with the West and categorizing what is Western and Japanese has become meaningless (Oxtoby 2001). While the industrialization process produced divergent values for Japan and the West, it also is responsible for the development of some homogeneous cultural values. Researchers found three levels of similarities: (1) frequency distribution of single variables, (2) similar impacts of age and gender on attitudes, and (3) similar structures in the way people categorize their experience (Oxtoby 2001). Modern Japanese lifestyle is influenced by industrialization and innovations coming from other countries. Thus, Japanese value their old traditions and rituals adapting them to new social environment. For instance, Japanese take off shoes inside the house, they pay 5% commission tax for purchases, they follow bath and toilette design according to norms and practices of century old traditions (Oxtoby 2001). In short, the Japanese self, characterized by its diffuse nature or collective orientation, represents a self who lost its space to be free of the omnipresence of the giri-ninja social network in Japanese society in return for being taken care of by its group. The strong sense of belonging to one’s company and family assures one materially a comfortable life at the individual level and stability and safety at the social level, making Japan relatively free of violent crimes. Such a life is stifling and meaningless to Americans even if they must pay a high price of alienating from the rest of society (Shelley, 1992). Japan managed to keep a sense of alienation to a minimum as it industrialized and urbanized by maintaining its virtually â€Å"village† mentality and social network. However, the value the Japanese gain by observing the traditional code of conducts, the giri-ninjo, is material and psychological welfare, which is provided to members of Japanese society more or less equally and fairly at the individual level, and public safety, which is provided at the collective level in Japan today. Another pair of terms often used in discussing Japanese culture is tatemae and honne. The former refers to the proper role expectation as defined by society and the second to one’s real inner feelings, however irrational they may be. Often, to act in accordance with giri is to act in conformity with the norm of a community (tatemae). The role language plays in culture cannot be underestimated, for it offers a way of organizing one’s life experience in a particular way that is shared by its speakers but not necessarily by people in other cultures (Davies and Ikeno, 2002). Family is one of the most important social institutions which keep century old traditions and human relations. In response to the traditional call for harmony, the Japanese are expected to conform to group norms. This proclivity yields situational ethics based on flexible standards (Shelley, 1992). There are no absolute criteria by which one passes judgment. The Japanese spend a disproportionately large sum of money for socializing, as embodied in semiannual gift exchanges between friends, relatives, and colleagues and after-work drinking of working men and women among co-workers and friends. Religion In Japan, nearly 100 % of the population are Buddhists and in many cases Scientists. The Japanese are, of course, not religious in the sense that they believe in God. Christians constitute about I % of the total population. Most Japanese are not very concerned with religion. They celebrate the birth of children in accordance with the Shinto rituals and bury their dead with the help of Buddhist priests. Meanwhile, they may get married in civil ceremonies, Christian churches, or other facilities. That is perhaps what makes it possible for the Japanese to accept more than one religion at the same time, an unthinkable option for monotheistic people of the West and West Asia, accustomed as they are to dialecticism. The Japanese approach the world in a diffuse fashion or inclusively. The number of Japanese with a religious faith increases with age (Davies and Ikeno, 2002). Fewer than 10 % of the Japanese in their early twenties and about 50 % of Japanese senior citizens over sixty years of age are religious. The older one becomes, the more religious one becomes. Likewise, Japan never had any revolutions such as experienced by China, France, and the United States. Revolutions are carried out by those who believe in the total destruction of the old regime and the establishment of a radically different doctrine. The Japanese seem to be incapable of totally denying their past. They are always interested in improving (kaizen) their existing system–be it via fax machine, Buddhism, or television sets. The majority of the Japanese do not take religion very seriously from the Western perspective (Oxtoby 2001). Japanese mythology distinguishes two categories of deities, the heavenly gods and the native or territorial gods. Some myths represent the heavenly deities as descending to the land of Japan to conquer or rule its autochthonous deities. The myth of land transfer in Izumo is one instance. Two generals of the heavenly gods were dispatched to Izumo to demand of O-Kuninushi, chief of the native gods and master of the territory of Japan, that he hand over sovereignty to the heavenly gods (Oxtoby 2001).

The Governments Taking of Private

The Governments Taking of Private Property The Constitution of the United States is based primarily on the ideas of the 17th Century English philosopher John Locke. Locke thought that everyone had natural rights, which included life, liberty, and property. Locke stated the great and chief end, therefore, of mens uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of property (Locke/ McClaughry 3). He thought that if any of these rights were violated that the violator should make restitution. The Takings Clause in the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution states Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. When the government needs a citizens private property to build roads or buildings, they compensate the person with money roughly equal to the value of that persons land. The problem of the government taking or restricting a citizens land arises with regulation of private property. John McClaughry defines regulatory taking as a governmental confiscation or destruction of economic rights by regulation, without the physical occupation which would trigger just compensation to the owner (McClaughry 7). The case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council is an example of regulatory taking. In the case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, Lucas bought two adjacent lots on the coast of the Isle of Palms in South Carolina, only to have the land restricted by the state, which prevented his intended use of the lots. Lucas argued that the states restriction of the land constituted taking without just compensation. The South Carolina Court of Common Pleas agreed with Lucas and awarded him $1,232,387.50. The Supreme Court of South Carolina disagreed with the lower court, and saying that the restrictions were designed to prevent serious public harm so no compensation was ...

Should I Take the PSAT as a Freshman

Should I Take the PSAT as a Freshman SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's never too early to start planning! When should you start preparing to apply tocollege? When you sign up for the SAT? The day you choose your freshman year classes? From the time you learn to read your first picture book? This might be a matter of debate between you and your parents, but we can all agree that planning starts long before you actually start filling out applications. So to put yourself on the track for college success, should you start freshman year off by taking the PSAT? First, what exactly is the PSAT for? Understanding this will let us see whether it suits your needs as a freshman. The PSAT Is For... National Merit Distinctions and Scholarships The PSAT is administered by the National Merit Scholarship Corporation, or the NMSC. Based on your scores, the NMSC may award you distinctions like Commended Scholar, Semifinalist, or Finalist. Students in the top 1% might even win scholarships. Only high school juniors are eligible for NMSC awards. So your freshman year score, even if it's perfect, unfortunately can't count for National Merit. However, prepping and getting a practice run or two in before junior year can only improve your score, especially if you're aimingto make it into the top 1%. I strongly recommend takingthe PSAT in at least sophomore year to get in your trial run. As for freshman year? It can definitely be helpful, but it's also pretty early. You might be served just as well by focusing on your schoolwork, developing your academic skills, and doing test prep on your own for the next year. If you want to take the PSAT in 9th grade, then any real test experience can be valuable and help you score higher thenext time. Besides NMSC awards, the PSAT is helpful for another important test... Good Practice for the SAT The "P" in PSAT actually stands for "preliminary," not "practice," but this common misconception isn't too far from the truth. The new PSAT starting in 2015 is closely aligned to the content and types of questions you'll see on the new SAT. Both test your understanding of math, Critical Reading, and writing (though the PSAT does not have an essay component). Both testsfocus on determining meaning in context, whether it's analyzing a passage or interpreting data from a graph. Prepping for and taking the PSAT will help you develop the valuable skills you need to score highly on the SAT. It also helps you pace yourself under strict time limits and apply guessing strategies, like process of elimination. Both the new PSAT and new SAT feature multiple choice questions with 4 answer choices instead of the current 5, and neither has penalties for wrong answers. In addition to testing similar skills as the SAT, the PSAT helps you predict how you'll score on the SAT. The new PSAT is scored on a scale between 320 and 1520, with a range of 160 to 760 for Math and the same for Reading and Writing. The new SAT will be scored out of 1600, with a range of 200 to 800 for Math and the same for Reading and Writing. These scales are very similar, with the PSAT scores shifted down to account for the fact that it's a somewhat easier test than the SAT. How you do on the PSAT helpspredict how you'll do on the SAT, with the knowledge that the SAT is somewhat more challenging. Not onlycan you use your PSAT score as a predictor of how you are likely to score on the SAT, you can alsouse it to set goals and up your target scores. Because of this, it can only help you to begin to get familiar with the PSAT freshman year, as scoring well on these tests is all about practice and preparation. But again, it's up to you whether taking the official PSAT or simply practicing on your own, like with PSAT practice test pdfs, is most beneficial freshman year. Finally, the PSAT can put you in touch with colleges... To Connect With Colleges To state the obvious, the PSAT and SAT are tests that prepare you for applying to and succeeding in college.The PSAT can be helpful for providing your contact information to colleges (with your permission) so they can get in touch with you and share information about their campus events, deadlines, and scholarships. If you want to put yourself on colleges' radar early, then taking the PSAT may be one way to do this. Another way would be indicating interest through their individual websites. Now that you understand the various uses and applications of the PSAT, what's the final verdict: should you take the PSAT as a freshman? Final verdict? Should You Take the PSAT In 9th Grade? Freshman year is early to worry too much about the PSAT, but if you have the means and motivation, every real test is valuable experience. You'll get a sense of real testing conditions, along with an official score report that can help you set goals and design your study plan for next time. If you decide to take the PSAT in 9th grade, you'll want to talk to your school counselor about it. Juniors are usually automatically signed up for it through the school, but freshmen usually need to ask to register specifically. If you decide to skip the test for now, you'll be served well by taking practice tests and self-studying. That way, you can prep to take the PSAT as a sophomore and then be in great shape junior year, when it counts for National Merit. Want to get a head start on the PSAT NMQST? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: While you may or may not take the PSAT freshman year, you might want to consider taking an SAT Subject Test at the end of freshman year. The Subject Tests measure your mastery in a subject like Biology or Math. Depending on what courses you've taken, you may be prepared and have the content fresh in your mind as ninth grade draws to a close. Check out other considerations and SAT Subject Test dates here. Besides the PSAT, are there any other things you should focus on freshman year? Freshman Year Focus: The Essentials Colleges look at all four years of high school, whether it's the courses you select, your academic performance, your extracurricular and community involvement, or your summer activities. Colleges also love to see your involvement in a particular area deepen and develop into an area of expertise or leadership position. Admissions officers understand exploration freshman year, but they generally like to see commitment over the long run. To that end, it's a good idea to try out clubs and activities in freshman year and find ones in whichyou can not only make progress, but that might also put you in a position for leadershipor an internship later on in high school. It's also a smart move to challenge yourself in college prep and honors classes. Make sure you'll be taking Algebra and Geometry by the time you take the SAT. If you're interested in the ACT or the Math 2 Subject Test, then you also will need to have some understanding of precalculus and trigonometry. If you're reading about taking the PSAT as a freshman, then you're probably well aware of the power of prep when it comes to the PSAT and SAT. You're giving yourself a goodamount of time to get ready through studying, as well as developing critical reading, writing, and math skills in and out of the classroom. Some students even sit for the official SAT as freshmen as part of their study plan, to gauge their level and achieve a good 9th grade SAT score. Bystaying active and aware, you're already preparing to apply to college. Or maybe you've been preparing since you learned to read your first picture book! What's Next? How exactly is the PSAT scored? Check out this guide on what your PSAT score means, and the 3 steps you should take after the PSAT. Early studying is smart studying for the SAT. Learn why and how to start prepping well in advance of SAT test day. Are you taking the SAT as a sophomore? If you're scoring these scores, then you're in a good position for next year. Read about good 10th grade SAT scores and how to improve them even more. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also feature thousands of practice questions, 10 official SAT practice tests, and personal feedback on your essays from an expert instructor. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Does collectivism have a future Drawing on theoretical insights and Essay

Does collectivism have a future Drawing on theoretical insights and the evidence, critically evaluate the factors that determine its relevance for UK employee relations - Essay Example Moreover, while there has been progress in the study of managerial leadership behaviour in various countries of the globe (Den Hartog, House, & Hanges, 1999; Kuchinke, 1999; Maczynski & Koopman, 2000), world wide research in leadership styles of entrepreneurs is minimal (Ardichvili, Cardozo, & Gasparishvili, 1998). Lastly, while there have been several studies that have been undertaken on psychological and behavioural distinctions between entrepreneurs and managers within a Western setting (i.e. the UK) (e.g., Brockhaus, 1982; Brockhaus & Nord, 1979; March & Sharipo, 1987), there is a dearth of literature on the comparison of leadership styles of Western and non-western entrepreneurs and managers. While there is a wealth of literature discussing leadership styles across countries, there is a dearth of research specifically tackling the topic of entrepreneurial leadership. The fact that legislation is a catalyst for economic growth and development is well known. Differing economic, cultural and political circumstances abroad also suggest the need for a better understanding of employees with a broad context is important. Fortunately, the ability to study the implications of policies on economic growth abroad is expanding rapidly as a result of the emergence of global private equity markets and micro finance. International entrepreneur ship spans cultural boundaries and involves a variety of stakeholders, including the entrepreneur, investors and policy makers (Asel, 2003). â€Å"Social considerations must be given the same status as economic, financial and environmental concerns in a holistic approach. It is time for global thinking and local action. The implementation of the Core Labour Standards and the laws and regulations that give effect to them at national levels can be significantly enhanced if the capacities of national labour inspectorates ar e built up and strengthened. Labour inspectors have a crucial role to